R&D expenditure in value (Rands) for each province from 2008/9 to 2018/19. Gauteng R&D expenditure showed an overall upward trend until 2018/19, when it declined for the first time since 2011/12. Nonetheless, it remains the highest in comparison to other provinces. Gauteng R&D expenditure was R15.77 billion in 2018/19, down by 9% from 2017/18. R&D expenditure in the Western Cape is the second highest in comparison to other provinces and also shows a decrease between 2017/18 and 2018/19. Western Cape R&D expenditure was R8.51 billion in 2018/19. Only three provinces increased their rand value expenditure on R&D in 2018/19; namely Mpumalanga, Northern Cape and North-West. KZN R&D expenditure was R4.07 billion in 2018/19, down by 2.4% from 2017/18.